Chapter
1.3.4 Procedures and Best Practices for Assuring Spectrophotometer Performance
1.3.4.1 Wavelength Accuracy and Reproducibility
1.3.4.2 Absorbance, Accuracy and Reproducibility
1.3.4.5 Optimal Spectrophotometric Range
1.4.2 Cleaning Procedures
1.5 Factors Influencing Spectral Characteristics
1.5.1 Sample Handing and Storage
1.5.3 Solvent Quality and Polarity
1.5.7.1 Averaging and Smoothing
1.5.7.3 Spectral Correction
1.6 Data Integrity and Security
2 From Spectra to Qualitative and Quantitative Results
2.2 Basic Handling of UV Spectra
2.2.1 One Spectrum Transformation
2.2.1.2 Derivative Spectra
2.2.2 Two-Spectra Comparison
2.2.2.1 Differential Spectrum
2.2.2.2 Direct Comparison
2.2.3 Evolution Study from a Spectra Set
2.2.3.1 Isosbestic Points
2.2.3.2 Hidden Isosbestic Points
2.2.3.3 Application: Variability Estimation
2.3 Concentration Calculation
2.3.1 Ideal Case: Pure Solution with No Interference
2.3.1.1 Simple Absorptiometry for One Analyte
2.3.1.3 Multicomponent Method by Multilinear Regression (MLR)
2.3.2 Real Samples: Compensation of Interferences
2.3.2.1 Two Wavelengths Approach
2.3.2.3 Derivative Methods
2.3.2.4 Polynomial Compensation of Interferences
2.3.2.5 Chemometric Analysis: PCA, PCR and PLS
2.3.2.6 Ultra-violet spectral deconvolution (UVSD)/Semideterministic Method
2.3.3 Real Samples: Pretreatment Steps for Improving UV Response
2.4 Examples of Application
3.2 Coloured Organic Compounds
3.2.1.2 Anthraquinonic Dyes
3.2.2.3 Complexometry Indicators
3.3 UV-Absorbing Organic Compounds
3.3.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
3.3.4.2 Toluidine and Anisidine
3.3.4.3 Other Aromatic Amines
3.3.5 Benzene and Related Compounds
3.3.10 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.3.10.2 Influence of the Number of Aromatic Rings
3.3.10.3 Isomeric PAH UV Spectra
3.3.10.4 Introduction of a Five-Membered Cycle in the PAH Structure
3.3.11 Sulphur Organic Compounds
3.4 Solid-Phase Extraction and UV-Visible Spectrophotometry
3.5 Nonabsorbing Organic Compounds
3.5.1 Carbonyl Compounds: Use of Absorbing Derivatives
3.5.2 Aliphatic Amines and Amino Acids: Photo-Oxidation
3.5.3 Carbohydrates: Photodegradation
4 Aggregate Organic Constituents
4.2 Dissolved Organic Matter
4.3 Reference Methods Assistance
4.3.1 TOC, DOC Explanation
4.3.3 COD Final Determination
4.4 UV Estimation of TOC, DOC, COD, and BOD5
4.4.1 UV-Spectra Exploitation From a Limited Number of Wavelengths
4.4.2 UV-Spectra Exploitation From a Multiwavelengths Approach
4.5 UV Recovery of Organic Pollution Parameters
5.2 Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents
5.2.15 Organochlorine Compounds
5.3 Metallic Constituents
5.3.1 Chromium (Direct Measurement)
5.3.1.1 Hexavalent Chromium
5.3.1.2 Trivalent Chromium
5.3.2 Metallic Constituents Determination by Complexometry
6 Physical and Aggregate Properties
6.2.1 Determination of Colour
6.2.2 Relation Between Colour and Visible Absorbance
6.3 Physical Diffuse Absorption
6.3.1 Some Elements on Diffusion of Light by Particles
6.3.2 Methods for the Study of Heterogeneous Fractions
6.3.3 UV-Visible Responses of Mineral Suspensions
6.3.4 UV Responses of Microorganisms
6.3.5 UV Responses of Wastewater
6.4.2 UV Estimation of TSS
7.2 Significance of UV Spectra of Natural Water
7.3 Quality of Natural Water
7.3.1 Water Quality Variation Along a River
7.3.2 Rain Influence on River Water Quality
7.3.3 Wetland Water Quality
7.3.4 Lakes Water Quality
7.3.5 Groundwater Quality
7.4 Recent Advances in Freshwater Quality UV Monitoring
7.4.1 About Isosbestic Point(s)
7.4.2 Relation Between Parameters (DOC/NO3)
7.4.3 Second Derivative Renewal
7.4.4 High-Frequency Monitoring
7.5 Point Source and Accidental Discharge
7.5.3 Accidental Discharge
8.2 From Resources to Tap Water
8.2.1 Baseline Conditions
8.2.2 Rainfalls Conditions
8.3 Production of Tap Water in a Large Treatment Plant
8.4 Early Warning Systems
8.5 Disinfection by-Products
8.6 Bottled Drinking Waters
8.6.3 Other Bottled Waters
9.2.1 Fresh Domestic Effluent
9.2.2 Variation of Quality According to Time
9.2.3 Evolution Along the Sewer
9.3 Synthesis and Other Applications
9.4.1 Primary Settling Assistance
9.4.2 Physico-Chemical Treatment Assistance
9.4.4 Problem of Sample Aging
9.4.5 Biological Processes
9.4.6 Complementary Technique: Membrane Filtration and Activated Carbon
9.5.1 Fixed Biomass Treatment Plant
9.5.3 Ozone Treatment for Treated Effluent
9.6 Classification of Wastewater
9.6.1 Typology of Urban Wastewater from UV Spectra Shape
9.6.2 Automatic Classification of Water and Wastewater
10.2 Wastewater Characteristics
10.2.2 Influence of Industry Nature
10.2.3 Variability of Industrial Wastewater Quality
10.2.4 Quantitative Estimation
10.3.1 Physico-chemical Processes
10.3.2 Biological Processes
10.3.3 Hyphenated Processes
10.4.1 Sampling Assistance
10.4.2 Treatability Tests Assistance
10.4.4 Shock Loading Management
10.4.5 External Waste Management
10.5 Environmental Impact
10.5.2 Groundwater Survey
11 Leachates and Organic Extracts From Solids
11.2.1 Leachate Characterisation
11.2.1.1 Direct Examination of UV Spectra
11.2.2 Leachate Treatment
11.2.2.1 Coagulation–Flocculation With FeCl3
11.3.1 Polluted Soils Characterisation
11.3.1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
11.3.1.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbons
11.3.2 Treatment of Polluted Soils
11.3.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
11.3.2.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbons
11.4 Solid Wastes Treatment by Composting
11.4.1 Characterisation of Solid Wastes
11.4.2 Composting of Solid Wastes
11.5 Soils, Sediments, and Wetlands
12.3 Spectra of Compounds
12.3.1.7 Sodium Salicylate
12.3.1.8 Potassium Sodium Tartrate
12.3.2 Aldehydes and Ketones
12.3.2.6 Diisobutylketone
12.3.2.8 Isobutyl Methyl Ketone
12.3.3 Amines and Related Compounds
12.3.3.5 2-Chloro-4-Methylaniline
12.3.3.6 3,4-Dichloroaniline
12.3.3.15 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane
12.3.4 Benzene and Related Compounds
12.3.5.1 2-4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2-4 D)
12.3.6.1 1,7 Ethinylestradiol
12.3.6.13 Sulfamethoxazole
12.3.7 Phenol and Related Compounds
12.3.7.2 4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol
12.3.7.9 4,5-Dichlorocatechol
12.3.7.10 2,3-Dichlorophenol
12.3.7.11 2,4-Dichlorophenol
12.3.7.12 2,5-Dimethylphenol
12.3.7.13 4,6-Dinitro-2-Methylphenol
12.3.7.17 Pentachlorophenol
12.3.7.19 2-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol
12.3.7.20 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
12.3.7.21 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol
12.3.8.1 Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
12.3.8.2 Di-Butyl Phthalate
12.3.8.3 Di-Ethyl Phthalate
12.3.8.4 Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
12.3.9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
12.3.9.4 Benzo(a)anthracene
12.3.9.6 Benzo(b)fluoranthene
12.3.9.7 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
12.3.9.8 Benzo(k)fluoranthene
12.3.9.10 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
12.3.9.13 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
12.3.10.1 Alkyl Diphenyloxide Disulfonate, Disodium Salt
12.3.10.2 Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
12.3.10.3 Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylate
12.3.10.4 Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate
12.3.10.5 Sodium-N-Methyl-N-Oleoyl-Taurate
12.3.12 Inorganic Compounds
12.3.12.1 Ammonium Chloride
12.3.12.2 Hydrogen Peroxide
12.3.12.4 Potassium Cyanide
12.3.12.5 Potassium Dichromate
12.3.12.6 Potassium Iodate
12.3.12.7 Potassium Iodide
12.3.12.8 Potassium Metaperiodate
12.3.12.9 Potassium Permanganate
12.3.12.10 Sodium Chlorate
12.3.12.11 Sodium Chromate
12.3.12.12 Sodium Cyanide
12.3.12.13 Sodium Hypochlorite
12.3.12.14 Sodium Nitrate (Low Concentration)
12.3.12.15 Sodium Nitrate (High Concentration)
12.3.12.16 Sodium Nitrite (Low Concentration)
12.3.12.17 Sodium Nitrite (High Concentration)
12.3.12.18 Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate
UV-Visible Spectrophotometry of Water and Wastewater
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