Chapter
1.5.2. Scanning electron microscopy
1.6. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
1.6.1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Chapter 2: Characterization of morphology—3D and porous structure
2.1. 3D porous structures: porosity and other relevant morphological parameters
2.2. Morphological characterization by microscopy observation
2.3. Determination of porosity by density measurements
2.7.1. Basic principles of micro-CT
2.7.2. Micro-CT for scaffold characterization: state of the art
2.7.2.1. Scaffold characterization
2.7.2.2. In vitro cell-material interaction
2.7.2.3. Scaffold neovascularization
2.7.3. Nano-CT for scaffold characterization: state of the art
2.7.4. Comparison of micro-CT with other techniques
Part Two: Surface characterization
Chapter 3: Wettability and contact angle of polymeric biomaterials
3.1.1. General definition of wettability and contact angle
3.1.2. Importance of wettability for biomedical applications
3.2. Interpretation of biomaterial wetting properties
3.2.1. Surface energy and surface tension
3.2.2. Interfacial tension
3.2.3. Contact angle and young equation
3.3. Methods of measuring contact angle
3.3.1. Telescope goniometry
3.3.2. Wilhelmy balance method
3.3.3. Drop shape analysis method
3.4. Wettability of polymeric materials and its modification for biomedical applications
3.4.1. Irradiation method
3.4.3. Chemical functionalization
3.4.4. Surface modification with biomolecules
Chapter 4: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS)
4.2. Basic principle of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
4.2.1. General advantages and disadvantages
4.2.2. XPS in polymeric surfaces
4.2.3. XPS analysis—Example
4.3. Basic principle of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy
4.3.1. General advantages and disadvantages
4.3.2. ToF SIMS in polymeric surfaces
4.3.3. ToF SIMS analysis—Example
4.5.1. XPS characterization
4.5.2. ToF SIMS characterization
Part Three: Structure analysis
Chapter 5: Molecular weight of polymers used in biomedical applications
2.1.1. General definition: Average molecular weight
2.1.1.1. Number average molecular weight: Mn
2.1.1.2. Weight average molecular weight: Mw
2.1.1.3. Average molecular weight (Mz). Higher average molecular weight (Mz+1)
2.1.1.4. Viscosity average molecular weight (Mv)
2.1.2. Dependence between molecular weight and physicochemical properties of polymeric biomaterials
2.2. Methods used for determining molecular weight of polymers
2.2.1. Gel permeation chromatography or size exclusion chromatography
2.2.1.2. Experimental method
2.2.2.2. Experimental method
2.2.3. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
2.2.3.2. Experimental method
2.2.3.3. MALDI-SEC technique
2.2.4. 1H NMR spectroscopy
2.2.4.2. Experimental methods
Chapter 6: Characterization of thermal properties and crystallinity of polymer biomaterials
6.1. Thermal transitions in polymer materials
6.1.1. Molecular substances
6.1.2. Macromolecular substances
6.2.2. Thermal parameters
6.2.2.2. Glass transition
6.2.3. Interpretation of DSC thermograms
6.3. Crystallinity in polymers
6.3.1. Crystallization of polymers
6.3.2. X-ray techniques for crystallinity analysis
6.3.3. Morphology of crystallization
6.3.3.1. Crystallization of polymers from diluted solution
6.3.3.2. Crystallization of polymers from the melt
6.3.4. Crystallization and melting
6.3.4.2. Degree of crystallinity
6.3.5. Experimental determination of the degree of crystallinity
Chapter 7: NMR, FT-IR and raman characterization of biomaterials
7.1.1. Importance of structural characterization of biomaterials
7.1.2. Available techniques
7.1.3. Significance of NMR, IR, and RAMAN in structural analysis of biomaterials
7.2. NMR analysis of polymeric biomaterials
7.2.1. General instrumentation and types of NMR available (1H, 13C, etc.)
7.2.2. NMR analysis of polymeric biomaterials
7.3. FTIR analysis of polymeric biomaterials
7.3.1. General instrumentation of FTIR
7.3.2. IR analysis of polymeric biomaterials
7.4. RAMAN analysis of polymeric biomaterials
7.4.1. General instrumentation
7.4.2. RAMAN analysis of polymeric biomaterials
Part Four: Mechanical properties
Chapter 8: Static and uniaxial characterization of polymer biomaterials
8.2. Fundamental concepts: stress and strain
8.3. Stress-strain curves in uniaxial testing
8.4. Fundamental concepts: true stress and strain
8.6. Toughness, resiliency and impact test
8.7. Performing mechanical test: practical considerations
8.8. Stress-strain curves in polymer: representative behaviors and data significance
8.9. Application-oriented characterization protocols
Chapter 9: Dynamico-mechanical characterization of polymer biomaterials
9.2. Dynamic mechanical testing
9.2.2.1. Types of clamp geometries
Single and dual cantilever
9.2.3. Type of experiments and evaluated parameters
9.2.3.1. Temperature scans
9.2.3.3. Time-dependent tests
9.3.1.1. Possible test procedures
9.3.1.2. Frequency sweep tests
9.3.1.3. Hysteresis compressive tests
9.3.2. Shape memory polymer
9.3.2.1. Temperature ramp test
9.3.2.2. Shape recovery tests
9.3.3. Multiple cycle tests
9.3.3.2. Creep-recovery tests
9.3.3.3. Stress relaxation tests
Chapter 10: Rheometry of polymeric biomaterials
10.2. Apparatus and experimental tests for rheological characterization of polymeric biomaterials
10.2.1. Oscillatory shear tests
10.2.2. Relaxation, creep tests, and shear rate ramps
10.3. Rheological behavior of polymeric biomaterials
10.3.1. Biomaterials in orthopedics
10.3.2. Biomaterials in ophthalmology
10.3.3. Hydrogels as biomaterials
10.3.4. Biomaterials in cosmetic surgery
Chapter 11: Surface mechanical properties
11.1. Atomic force microscope
11.1.1. Force-distance curves
11.1.1.1. Adhesion measurement
11.1.1.3. Young's modulus and hardness measurement
11.1.1.4. Calibration of normal load
11.1.2. Friction and wear
11.1.2.1. Viscosity measurements
11.1.2.2. Torsional stiffness calibration
11.2. Classical instrumented nanoindentation
11.2.1. Basics of instrumented nanoindentation
11.2.2. Oliver-Pharr method
11.2.3. Indentation size effect and experimental practice
11.2.4. Dynamic mechanical analysis by nanoindenters
Part Five: Biological characterization
Chapter 12: In vitro interaction of polymeric biomaterials with cells
12.2.1. Direct contact tests
12.2.2. Indirect contact tests
12.2.3. Extract/elution assay
12.2.5. Analysis of cytotoxic effect
12.3. Hemocompatibility tests
12.4. Analysis of cell-material interactions
12.4.1. Cell adhesion and morphology
12.4.3. Metabolic activity assays
12.4.4. Proliferation assays
12.4.5. Cell motility and migration assays
12.5. Emerging technologies
12.5.1. Intracellular monitoring technologies
12.5.2. Real-time monitoring of cell culture systems
12.5.3. High-throughput screening systems
12.6. Concluding remarks and perspectives
Chapter 13: Interaction of polymeric biomaterials with bacteria (static)
13.2. Prokaryotes: Cell structure and growth
13.3. Bacterial adhesion on surfaces
13.5. Examples of typical biofilms
13.5.2. Biofilm-related infections in urinary catheters
13.5.3. Biofilm formation on orthopedic prosthesis
13.6. Biofunctional surface engineering
13.6.1. Nonfouling surfaces
13.6.2. Coatings with general antimicrobials
13.6.3. Coatings with selective antimicrobials
13.7. Methods for surface functionalization
13.7.1. Self-assembled monolayers
13.8. Techniques used to study bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation
13.8.1. Scanning electron microscopy
13.8.2. Flow cytometry analysis
13.8.3. Atomic force microscopy
13.8.4. Multiscale resolved fluorescence analysis
13.9. Standards used to study bacterial behavior
13.9.1. ISO 22196: Measurement of antibacterial activity on plastics and other nonporous surfaces
13.9.2. ASTM E2180: Standard test method for determining the activity of incorporated antimicrobial agent(s) in polymeric ...
Chapter 14: In vitro dynamic culture of cell-biomaterial constructs
14.2. Bioreactors in scientific research
14.2.1. Bioreactors as actuation systems
14.2.2. Bioreactors as model systems
14.2.3. Bioreactors as monitoring and control systems
14.2.4. Limitations in the use of bioreactors in research
14.3. The bioreactor industry
14.4. Bioreactors in the clinical practice
Chapter 15: "Traditional" polymer medical devices: Ex vivo analysis
15.2. Ex vivo characterization of explanted devices
15.3. Explanted silicon breast implant
15.3.1. Morphological investigation
15.3.1.1. Macroscopic observation
15.3.1.2. Microscopic observation
15.3.2. Mechanical characterization
15.3.2.1. Tensile mechanical tests
15.3.2.2. Rheological analysis
15.4. Orthopedic UHMWPE retrieved components
15.4.1. Morphological investigation
15.4.1.1. Optical analysis
15.4.1.2. Microscope analysis
15.4.2. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis
15.4.3. Mechanical characterization
15.4.3.1. Small punch tests
15.4.4. In vitro wear tests
Chapter 16: Collagen hydrogel-based scaffolds for vascular tissue regeneration: Mechanical and viscoelastic characterizat
16.2. Collagen hydrogel-based scaffolds as nonconventional materials
16.2.1. General notions of structural composition and related biological function of blood vessels
16.2.2. Nonlinear and viscoelastic behavior of collagenous natural tissues
16.2.3. Conventional techniques (tensile/compressive tests) and their limitations
16.3. Viscoelastic mechanical characterization of collagen-based hydrogels: Practical examples
16.3.1. Development of mechanical setups specific to collagen hydrogels
16.3.2. Compressive stress relaxation tests on collagen-based hydrogels: A phenomenological understanding
16.3.2.1. Simple stress relaxation tests
16.3.2.2. Multiple stress relaxation tests
16.3.2.3. Water-like behavior
16.3.2.4. The maximum load reached during compression
16.3.3. Creep tests on collagen gels
16.4. Nonconventional analysis techniques: The need for modelization
16.4.1. The empirical models
16.4.2. Comparison between experiments and simulations
16.4.3. The poroelastic model
Chapter 17: Polymer scaffolds for bone regeneration
17.2. Principles of bone tissue
17.2.1. Bone matrix composition
17.2.2. Architectural structure of bone
17.2.3. Bone cellular components
17.3. Tissue engineering as a promising approach for bone grafting
17.3.1. Scaffold design and properties for bone tissue engineering
17.4. Polymeric materials for bone tissue regeneration
17.5. Methods of scaffold fabrication
17.5.1. Synthetic scaffolds
17.5.1.1. Porous scaffolds
17.5.1.2. Fibrous scaffolds
17.5.1.3. Microsphere scaffolds
17.5.1.4. Composite scaffolds
17.5.2. Cell encapsulation in hydrogel matrix
17.5.3. Self-secreted ECM by cell sheets
17.5.4. Decellularized ECM
17.6. Required characterization for fabricated scaffolds
17.7.1. Biomimetic composites as bone filler
17.7.1.1. Chemical characterization
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction results
17.7.1.2. Morphological characterization
Scanning electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
17.7.1.3. Biocompatibility evaluation
17.7.2. 3D scaffolds for bone regeneration
17.7.2.1. Physical characterization
17.7.2.2. Morphological characterization
Porosity, pore size, and distribution
Scanning electron microscopy
17.7.2.3. Chemical characterization
17.7.2.4. Mechanical characterization
17.7.2.5. Biocompatibility evaluation
In vitro cytocompatibility test
In vitro differentiation test
17.8. Conclusions and future trends
Characterization of Polymeric Biomaterials
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
