Chapter
1.2.6. Chitin and peptidoglycan
1.2.7. Reserve polysaccharides
1.3. Agriculture and forestry biomass for energy production
1.4. Energy from biomass, a resource to exploit
1.4.1. Energy production from biomass
1.4.1.1. Energy from agriculture residues
1.4.1.2. Energy from forestry biomass
Chapter 2: Technological aspects of nonfood agricultural lignocellulose transformations
2.2. Material flows of biomasses from agriculture
2.2.1. Classification of biomass
2.2.2. Biomass properties
2.3. Energy use pathways of biomasses from agriculture
2.3.1. Biomass to bioenergy
2.3.2. Integration of energy use, new biobased products and nutrient recovery
2.3.3. Energy production technologies and fuel characteristics
2.3.3.1. General about refining bio fuels
2.3.3.2. Mechanically and thermally treated solid biofuels
2.3.3.3. Direct use of solid biomass in energy production
2.3.3.4. Characteristics and quality demands of fuel
2.3.4. Environmental technology in heating boilers for solid bio fuels
Chapter 3: Production of bioalcohol and biomethane
3.2.1. Bioalcohol production
3.2.1.1. Production feedstocks
Sucrose containing feedstocks
3.2.1.2. Production methods
Bioethanol from sugar-/starch-containing feedstock
Bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials
Chemical and physicochemical pretreatment
3.2.2. Biomethane production
3.2.2.1. Production feedstocks
3.2.2.2. Production methods
Thermal conversion method
3.3. Membrane processes for biofuels production
3.4. Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 4: Light olefins/bio-gasoline production from biomass
4.2. Gasoline and olefins
4.3. Why bio-gasoline and bio-olefin?
4.4. Feedstocks obtained from biomass
4.5. Routes to bio-olefin and bio-gasoline
4.10. Biomass/bio-oil to olefins
4.11. Glycerol to olefins
4.12. Biomass/bio-oil to gasoline
4.13. Catalyst deactivation and coke formation
4.15. Conclusion, further studies, and outlook
Chapter 5: Anaerobic biodigestion for enhanced bioenergy generation in ethanol biorefineries: Understanding the potential ...
5.2. Vinasse characterization: Suitability for bioenergy generation
5.3. Bioenergy generation from vinasse: Input data and estimates
5.3.1. Energetic potential (EP) for vinasses from various feedstocks
5.3.2. Energy recovery potential (ERP) and energy balance (EB) estimates
5.3.3. Technological assessment for sugarcane-based distilleries
5.4. Potentials of vinasse as a bioenergy source
5.4.1. Energetic potential for vinasses from different feedstocks
5.4.2. Impacts of AD on energy recovery within the ethanol production chain
5.4.3. Technological assessment of AD plants in sugarcane-based distilleries
5.5. Outlook: Prospects for AD as the core treatment technology in ethanol plants
Section B: Hydrogen production
Chapter 6: Thermodynamic analysis of ethanol reforming for hydrogen production
6.1.1. Bioethanol production
6.1.2. Ethanol steam reforming
6.1.3. Brief overview on the catalyst for the ESR process
6.3. Analysis of thermodynamic properties for the single reactions
6.3.1. Reaction (6.9): Ideal ESR
6.3.2. Subreaction group A: Other possible steam reforming reactions for C2H5OH
6.3.3. Subreaction group B: Methane reactions
6.3.4. Subreaction group C: Carbon monoxide reactions
6.3.5. Subreaction group D: Acetone reactions
6.3.6. Subreaction group E: Other reactions on C2H5OH
6.3.7. Ethanol autothermal steam reforming
Chapter 7: Catalysts for conversion of synthesis gas
7.2. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
7.2.1. Co-based catalysts
7.2.2. Fe-based catalysts
7.3.1. Thermodynamic evaluations
7.3.5. Reaction mechanism
7.3.6. Process intensification direction
7.4.2. Non-iron catalysts
7.5.1. Water gas shift (WGS)
7.5.2. Preferential oxidation (PROX)
7.5.4. Reverse water gas shift (rWGS)
Chapter 8: Distributed H2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units
8.2. Biomass feedstocks: routes and technologies for biofuels generation
8.2.1. Bioalcohols: sources, production, and purification
8.2.2. Biomethane: sources, production, purification and upgrading
8.3. Biofuels reforming for distributed hydrogen production
8.3.1. Steam reforming technology
8.3.2. H2 production cost and principal technical challenges
8.4. Novel catalytic formulations for steam reforming process
Chapter 9: H2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane steam reforming in membrane reactors
9.2.1. Pd and Pd/alloy-based membranes for MRs
9.3. Hydrogen production in MRs from bio-alcohols reforming
9.3.1. Ethanol and bio-ethanol steam reforming
9.3.2. Methanol steam reforming
9.3.3. Bio-gas steam reforming
Chapter 10: Formation of hydrogen-rich gas via conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and its decomposition products
10.2. High-temperature conversion of lignocellulosic biomass towards hydrogen-rich gas
10.2.1. Effect of the type of catalyst
10.2.1.1. Bimetallic containing nonnoble metals and perovskie-type catalyst
10.2.1.2. Modification of support of Ni catalyst
10.2.1.3. Application of catalyst containing noble metals
10.2.1.4. Development of new methods of lignocellulosic biomass conversion
10.3. Hydrogen not only as a source of energy
10.3.1. Factors which influence the decomposition of FA
10.4. Catalysts used for FA decomposition
10.4.1. Homogeneous catalysts
10.4.2. Heterogeneous catalysts
10.5. Decomposition of formic acid to hydrogen and subsequent hydrogenation reaction
Chapter 11: Advancements and confinements in hydrogen production technologies
11.2. Hydrogen generation technologies
11.2.1. Hydrocarbon reforming
11.2.2. Gasification and pyrolysis
11.2.4. Biological hydrogen production
11.3. Advancements in hydrogen production technologies
11.3.2. Production of fuels and chemicals
11.3.2.1. Fischer-Tropsch process
11.3.2.2. Syngas fermentation
11.3.4. Bioengineering in hydrogen production
11.4. Confinements in hydrogen production technologies
11.4.1. Challenges in biological hydrogen production
11.4.2. Impediments in thermochemical hydrogen production
11.5. Conclusion and future prospects
Section C: Bioenergy technology aspects/status
Chapter 12: Nanocomposites for "nano green energy" applications
12.2. Nanocomposite electrolytes
12.2.1. Conventional electrolyte based nanocomposite
12.2.2. Hetero-structured nancomposite
12.2.3. Ceria-carbonate/oxide nanocomposite
12.2.4. Semiionic nanocomposite electrolyte
12.3. Nanocomposite anodes
12.3.1. Optimization of traditional anode material microstructure
12.3.2. Modified Ni-cermet for hydrocarbon application
12.3.3. Extracted metal-MIEC nanocomposite
12.4. Nanocomposite cathodes
12.4.1. Nanoparticle promoted cathode
12.4.1.1. Impregnated cathode
12.4.1.2. ALD deposited nanocomposite cathode
12.4.1.3. In situ extracted nanocomposite cathode
12.4.2. Novel structured nanocomposite
12.4.3. Hetero-structured cathode nanocomposite
12.5. Conclusions and outlook
Chapter 13: Integration of membrane technologies into conventional existing systems in the food industry
13.2. Fruit juice processing
13.4. Agrofood wastewaters
13.4.1. Olive mill wastewaters
13.4.2. Artichoke wastewaters
13.4.3. Citrus by-products
13.4.4. Dairy by-products
13.5. Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 14: Integration of microalgae into an existing biofuel industry
14.2. An introduction to microalgae
14.2.1. Various types of microalgae
14.2.2. Microalgae potential for biofuel production
14.2.3. Effects of nutrients on the growth rate
14.2.4. Effects of environmental conditions on the growth rate
14.3. From biomass to extracted oil sequence
14.4.4. Bio-ethanol and bio-butanol
Chapter 15: Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with bioalcohol fuels
15.1.1. Direct methanol fuel cell
15.1.2. Direct ethanol fuel cell
15.2. Case study of the research
15.2.1. Preparation of electrolyte and electrodes for bioalcohol FC
15.2.2. Hot press method (preparation of cell with diameter of 20mm)
15.2.3. Fuel cells performance
15.2.4. Microstructure analysis of the NSDC (electrolyte)
15.2.5. Microstructure analysis of the cell before and after testing with bioethanol fuel
15.2.5.1. Phase/crystal structure analysis by XRD
15.2.5.2. Fuel cell performance with bioethanol/biomethanol
15.2.5.3. Scanning electron microscopy
SEM analysis of the cell before test
SEM analysis of the cell after test
15.2.5.4. Electrochemical impedance analysis
15.3. Case study of the application
15.3.1. Working principle of the bioethanol fuel cell car system
Chapter 16: Biomass gasification producer gas cleanup
16.2. Producer gas impurities
16.2.3. Nitrogenous impurities
16.2.4. Sulfur impurities
16.2.5. Hydrogen halide impurities
16.2.6. Trace metal impurities
16.2.7. Mercury and other toxic impurities
16.3. Operating conditions and their implications on producer gas impurities
16.3.3. Nitrogenous impurities
16.3.4. Sulfur impurities
16.3.5. Hydrogen halide impurities
16.3.6. Trace metal impurities
16.3.7. Mercury and other toxic impurities
16.4. Producer gas cleanup
16.4.1. Particulate cleanup
16.4.6. Trace metal cleanup
16.4.7. Mercury and other toxic impurities cleanup
16.5. Producer gas regulations and gas clean-up system (BAT plan)
16.5.1. United States of America
16.5.3. Denmark and Germany
16.5.4. BAT for emission cleaning
Chapter 17: Bioenergy production from second- and third-generation feedstocks
17.2.1. From substrate to biofuel in ABE process
17.3. Second generation feedstocks
17.3.1. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses
17.3.1.1. Physical pretreatment
17.3.1.2. Chemical pretreatment
17.3.1.3. Physical-chemical pretreatment
17.3.1.4. Biological pretreatment
17.3.3. Fermentation process
17.3.4. SSF and SHF process
17.4. Third generation feedstocks
17.4.1. The feedstock in the third generation: the algae
17.4.2. Thermochemical processes
17.4.3. Biological processes
17.4.3.1. Direct photolysis
17.4.3.2. Indirect photolysis
17.4.3.3. Photo-fermentation
17.4.3.4. Dark fermentation
17.4.3.5. Integrated process (dark-photo fermentation)
17.4.4. Transesterification
Alkali transesterification
Supercritical methanol transesterification
17.5. Conclusions and future trends
Bioenergy Systems for the Future
：Prospects for Biofuels and Biohydrogen
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy )
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