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Biopolymer-Based Composites

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Biopolymer-Based Composites: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

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Contents

List of contributors

Editors’ biographies

1 - Biocomposites in therapeutic application: current status and future

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Composites and their therapeutic application

1.2.1 Stimuli-responsive composites

1.2.2 Mucoadhesive composites

1.2.3 Hydrogel and inorganic composites

1.2.4 Theranostic composites

1.3 Conclusion

References

2 - Redox-responsive hydrogels

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Preparation of redox-responsive poly(amido amine)s

2.2.1 Synthesis of PEGylated hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s

2.2.2 Synthesis of thermoresponsive hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s

2.3 Redox-responsive hydrogels

2.3.1 Redox-responsive poly(amido amine) hydrogels

2.3.2 Other redox-responsive hydrogels

2.4 Redox-responsive nanogels/microgels

2.4.1 Redox-responsive poly(amido amine) nanogels/microgels from emulsion with surfactants

2.4.2 Redox-responsive poly(amido amine) nanogels/microgels from emulsion without surfactants

2.4.3 Redox-responsive nanogels/microgels from thermoresponsive poly(amido amine)s

2.4.4 Other redox-responsive nanogels/microgels

2.5 Conclusions

References

3 - Stimuli-responsive guar gum composites for colon-specific drug delivery

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Drug delivery applications of guar gum composites

3.2.1 pH-responsive composites

3.2.2 Thermoresponsive guar gum composites

3.2.3 Cross-linked guar gum composites

3.2.4 Graft polymerization

3.3 Conclusion

References

4 - Biopolymer-based nanocomposites for transdermal drug delivery

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Metered dose transdermal spray

4.1.2 Historical perspectives

4.1.3 Barriers to transdermal drug delivery: lead from skin pathophysiology

4.1.4 Biopolymers for transdermal drug delivery: formulation prerequisites

4.1.5 Biopolymer-based composites versus synthetic polymers

4.2 Biopolymer-based nanocomposites used in transdermal drug delivery: technologies and applications

4.2.1 Lipidic biopolymer-based nanosystems

4.2.2 Nanofibers

4.2.3 Transdermal patches

4.2.4 Nanogel

4.2.5 Transdermal film

4.2.6 Microneedles

4.3 Biopolymer-based systems under clinical investigation

4.4 Updates on patents and regulatory aspects of TDD

4.5 Innovations and future prospects in TDD

4.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

5 - Composites of hydrogels and nanoparticles: a potential solution to current challenges in buccal drug delivery

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Potential of BDD systems in medicine and dentistry

5.2.1 Anatomy of the oral mucosa

5.2.2 Oral mucosal features involved in buccal drug delivery

5.2.3 BDD systems

5.3 Key factors in formulating BDD systems

5.3.1 Physiological factors

5.3.2 Pharmaceutical factors

5.3.3 Formulation form

5.4 Hydrogel–nanoparticle composites: an overview

5.4.1 Hydrogels for BDD

5.4.2 Nanoparticles for BDD

5.4.3 Composite hydrogels for BDD

5.5 Nanostructured fillers in hydrogel–NP composites

5.5.1 Polymeric hydrogel–NP composites

5.5.2 Lipid hydrogel–NP composites

5.6 Complementary formulation strategies for BDD

5.6.1 Permeation enhancers

5.7 Conclusions and future perspectives

Funding sources

References

6 - Biocomposites in ocular drug delivery

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Strategies for ocular drug delivery

6.2.1 Hybrid nanocomposites

6.2.2 In situ forming composite hydrogels

6.2.3 Nanoparticles

6.2.4 Composite films/inserts

6.2.5 Biopolymer solid lipid nanoparticles

6.3 Conclusion

References

7 - Dendrimers: smart nanoengineered polymers for bioinspired applications in drug delivery

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 History

7.1.2 Dendrimers versus polymers

7.1.3 Synthesis

7.1.4 Properties

7.2 Types of dendrimers

7.2.1 PAMAM (Starburst) dendrimers

7.2.2 Poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers

7.2.3 Amino acid dendrimers

7.2.4 Triazine dendrimers

7.2.5 Phosphorous dendrimers

7.2.6 Carbosilane dendrimers

7.2.7 Peptide dendrimers

7.2.8 Polyglycerol dendrimers

7.2.9 Gallic acid–based dendrimers

7.2.10 Domino dendrimers

7.2.11 Miscellaneous dendrimers

7.3 Surface engineering of dendrimers

7.3.1 Biocompatibility

7.3.2 Conjugation chemistry

7.3.3 Surface engineered dendrimers

7.4 Dendrimers as scaffolds: guest–host relationship

7.4.1 Dendrimers as vesicles: physical encapsulation of drug

7.4.2 Dendrimers as template: chemical conjugation of drug

7.5 Characterization of dendrimers

7.6 Dendrimer hybrids with other nanocarriers

7.6.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials–dendrimers

7.6.2 Lipid–dendrimer hybrids

7.6.3 Quantum dots–dendrimers

7.6.4 Nanoparticles–dendrimers

7.6.5 Miscellaneous nanohybrids based on dendrimers

7.7 Biomedical applications of dendrimers

7.7.1 Combined delivery of drugs

7.7.2 Brain delivery

7.7.3 Ability to overcome drug resistance

7.7.4 Topical delivery system

7.7.5 Stimuli-responsive dendrimers

7.7.6 In cardiovascular disorders

7.7.7 Retinal delivery

7.8 Safety and toxicity issues

7.8.1 Alleviating toxicity of dendrimers

7.9 Conclusion and future considerations

References

8 - Nanoparticles for tumor targeting

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Malignant tumors and barriers for drug delivery of nanoparticles

8.2.1 Tumors, tumor microenvironment, and potential targets for tumor treatment

8.2.2 The kinetic process and transport barriers in delivering therapeutics to their intended targets

8.3 Nanoparticles for tumor targeting

8.3.1 General principles of tumor-targeting nanoparticles

8.3.2 Current use of nanoparticles for tumor targeting

8.3.2.1 Liposomes

8.3.2.2 Polymer nanoparticles

8.3.2.3 Polymer micelles

8.3.2.4 Polymersomes

8.3.2.5 Solid lipid nanoparticles

8.3.2.6 Dendrimer nanoparticles

8.3.2.7 Inorganic nanoparticles

8.3.2.8 Hybrid nanoparticles

8.3.2.9 Biomimetic nanoparticles

8.3.2.10 Other nanoparticles

8.3.3 Strategies to optimize nanoparticles for tumor targeting

8.3.3.1 Optimization of nanoparticle properties to improve passive tumor targeting

8.3.3.2 Active targeting nanoparticles

8.3.3.3 Smart nanoparticles for tumor targeting

8.3.3.4 Priming the tumor microenvironment to optimize nanoparticle targeting to tumors

8.4 Future perspectives and conclusion

8.4.1 Improve understanding of the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles

8.4.2 Use of better experimental models

8.4.3 Challenges and opportunities of translating tumor-targeting nanoparticles

Acknowledgments

References

9 - Bioinspired nanotheranostics for cancer management

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Theranostics and nanomedicine

9.2.1 Basic components for manufacturing theranostic nanoagents

9.3 Biopolymers as nanotheranostic agents

9.3.1 Chitosan

9.3.2 Hyaluronic acid

9.3.3 Peptide/protein-based nanotheranostics

9.4 Lipid-based nanotheranostic agents

9.4.1 Liposomes

9.4.2 Micelles as theranostic agent

9.4.3 Polymersomes

9.5 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Further reading

10 - Biopolymers for gene delivery applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Protein-based nanoparticles

10.2.1 Collagen nanoparticle

10.2.2 Gelatin nanoparticle

10.2.3 Albumin

10.2.4 Casein

10.2.5 Recombinant protein-based polymers

10.3 Polysaccharide nanoparticles

10.3.1 Chitosan

10.3.1.1 Chitosan derivatives

10.3.2 Cyclodextrin

10.3.3 Alginate

10.3.4 Hyaluronic acid

10.4 Biopolymeric smart materials

10.4.1 Internal stimuli responsive

10.4.1.1 Thermoresponsive

10.4.1.2 pH responsive

10.4.1.3 Redox responsive/glutathione responsive

10.4.1.4 Biological responsive

10.4.2 External stimulus

10.5 Conclusion

10.6 Future challenges

References

11 - Biomedical and drug delivery applications of functionalized inorganic nanomaterials

11.1 Background

11.1.1 Nanotechnology and nanomedicine

11.1.2 History of gold, silver and silica materials

11.2 Biomedical applications of functionalized inorganic nanoparticles

11.2.1 Anti-cancer activity

11.2.2 Pro-angiogenic property

11.2.3 Anti-angiogenic therapy

11.2.4 Anti-microbial activity

11.2.5 Bio-imaging

11.2.6 Tissue engineering

11.2.7 Wound healing

11.2.8 Bio-sensors

11.2.9 Anti-diabetic property

11.2.10 Anti-inflammatory activity

11.2.11 Medicinal applications of bio-synthesized nanoparticles

11.3 Functionalized inorganic nanomaterials as delivery vehicles

11.3.1 Drug delivery

11.3.2 Nucleic acid delivery

11.3.3 Antigen/protein delivery

11.4 Pharmacokinetics of functionalized inorganic nanoparticles

11.4.1 Absorption and bio-distribution

11.4.1.1 Gold nanoparticles

11.4.1.2 Silver nanoparticles

11.4.1.3 Silica nanoparticles

11.4.2 Bio-degradation and clearance

11.4.2.1 Gold nanoparticles

11.4.2.2 Silver nanoparticles

11.4.2.3 Silica nanoparticles

11.5 Status of inorganic nanomaterials in clinical study

11.6 Conclusions and future prospects

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References

12 - Chitosan/carbon-based nanomaterials as scaffolds for tissue engineering

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Chitosan as a tissue engineering material

12.3 CNMs in tissue engineering

12.3.1 Carbon nanotubes

12.3.2 Graphene

12.3.3 Graphene oxide

12.3.4 Reduced graphene oxide

12.4 Chitosan–CNM composite scaffolds

12.4.1 Chitosan–CNM nanofibers

12.4.2 Chitosan–CNM films

12.4.3 Chitosan–CNM scaffolds

12.5 Applications of chitosan–CNM composite scaffolds

12.5.1 Bone tissue engineering

12.5.2 Nerve tissue engineering

12.5.3 Cardiac tissue engineering

12.5.4 Wound healing and skin tissue engineering

12.6 Toxicity associated with CNMs

12.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

Z

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