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Micro and Nano Fibrillar Composites (MFCs and NFCs) from Polymer Blends

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Contents

List of contributors

Chapter 1: Basic structural and properties relationship of recyclable microfibrillar composite materials from immiscible ...

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Plastic blends

1.2.1. Thermodynamics of plastic miscibility and immiscibility

1.3. Concept of immiscible plastic blends

1.3.1. Processing of plastics blends

1.3.2. Compatibilization of plastic blends

1.4. Concepts of MFCs

1.4.1. Manufacturing of MFCs

1.4.2. Microstructure development of MFCs

1.4.3. Microstructure analysis of various types of plastics based MFCs

1.4.3.1. General morphology of MFCs development with respective step

1.4.3.2. Effect of viscosity on fibrils morphology

1.4.3.3. Effect of nature of drawing on fibrils morphology

1.4.3.4. Effect of compatibilizers on fibrils' morphology

1.4.3.5. Effect of flow on fibrils' morphology

1.4.3.6. Effect of polymer concentration on fibrils' morphology

1.5. Mechanical properties of MFCs

1.6. Dynamic mechanical properties of MFCs

1.7. Effect of draw ratio on mechanical properties

1.8. Industrial application of MFCs

1.9. Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Fundamental of polymer blends and its thermodynamics

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Polymer blends

2.2.1. Types of polymer blend

2.2.2. Immiscible polymer blends

2.2.3. Phase diagram

2.2.4. Compatibility in polymer blends

2.2.5. Other miscible polymer blends

2.3. Method of compounding

2.3.1. Batch mixers

2.3.2. Nonintermeshing rotor mixers

2.3.3. Continuous mixers

2.4. Thermodynamic and approaches to the miscibility of polymer blends

2.4.1. Molecular size and entropy

2.4.2. The regular solution

2.4.3. The Flory-Huggins model

2.4.4. The Hildebrand approach

2.4.5. Extension of the Flory-Huggins model with specific interactions

2.4.6. The dependence of miscibility on blend composition and temperature

2.4.7. The Painter-Coleman association model

2.4.8. Analysis of the miscibility using molecular modeling calculations

2.4.9. Classification of miscible systems

2.4.9.1. Entropically driven miscible systems

2.4.9.2. Enthalpically driven miscible systems

2.5. Polymer blends based on biodegradable polyester

2.5.1. Blends containing poly (lactic acid) or poly (lactide)

2.5.2. PLA blended with poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene oxide)

2.6. Conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 3: What are microfibrillar and nanofibrillar composites? Basic concept, characterization, and application

3.1. Introduction

3.1.1. MFCs/NFCs-a basic concept

3.1.1.1. Preparation of MFCs/NFCs

3.1.1.2. Various performances of MFCs/NFCs

3.2. Potential applications of MFC technology

3.3. Other recent developments in MFC technology

3.4. Future outlook for MFCs

3.5. Major challenges

References

Chapter 4: Synthesis, characterization, and applications of liquid crystalline polymer-based microfibrillar and nanofibrilla

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Materials and methods

4.2.1. Materials

4.2.2. Polymer preparations

4.2.3. Preparation of TLCP nanocomposites

4.2.4. Extrusion

4.3. Characterization

4.4. Results and discussion

4.4.1. TLCP-I nanocomposites

4.4.1.1. Dispersibility of organoclay in TLCP

4.4.1.2. Thermal behaviors

4.4.1.3. Tensile properties

4.4.2. TLCP-II/PBT nanocomposites

4.4.2.1. Thermal behaviors

4.4.2.2. Wide-angle XRD

4.4.2.3. Morphology

4.4.2.4. Tensile properties

4.5. Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 5: In-situ microfibrillar/nanofibrillar single polymer composites: Preparation, characterization, and application

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Definition of SPCs

5.3. Preparation of SPCs

5.3.1. Resin infusion method

5.3.2. Overheating method

5.3.3. Film stacking method

5.3.4. Co-extrusion method

5.3.5. Hot-compaction method

5.3.6. Microfibrillar in-situ method

5.4. Various types of SPCs

5.5. Applications of SPCs

5.6. Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Synthesis, characterization, and applications of biodegradable microfibrillar and nanofibrillar composites

6.1. Introduction

6.2. MFC incapable of melt processing

6.3. MFC suitable for melt processing

6.4. MFC based on PLA fibrils reinforced PCL

6.5. Effect of GNP on structure of undrawn blend and fibrils formation

6.5.1. GNP localization

6.5.2. Effect of NF and fibrils formation on crystallinity

6.6. Effect of drawing on glass transition

6.7. Effect of nanofiller and drawing on mechanical properties

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Synthesis, characterization, and applications of polyolefin-polyamide micro- and nanofibrillar composit

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Polyethylene-polyamide MFC systems without nanoclay

7.2.1. Initial studies on HDPE/PA MFC

7.2.2. Studying of the neat PA6 and PA12 reinforcement

7.2.3. Structure-properties relationship in HDPE/PA MFC without clay

7.2.3.1. Mechanical properties

7.2.3.2. Morphological studies

7.2.3.3. Combined microscopy and X-ray studies

7.2.3.4. Simultaneous straining/small angle X-ray scattering

7.3. Dually reinforced polyethylene-polyamide MFC

7.3.1. Initial studies on PA6/MMT hybrid composites

7.3.2. Structure-properties relationship in HDPE/PA MFC with clay

7.3.2.1. Mechanical properties

7.3.2.2. Morphological studies

7.3.2.3. Combined microscopy and X-ray studies

7.3.2.4. Simultaneous straining/small angle X-ray scattering

7.4. Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: Preparation, morphology, static and dynamic mechanical properties, and application of polyolefins and poly(eth ...

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Scope of static mechanical properties

8.3. Scope of dynamic mechanical properties

8.4. Morphology of in situ microfibrillar composites

8.4.1. Morphology development of polypropylene and poly (ethylene terephthalate) drawn blends

8.4.2. Morphology development of polypropylene and poly (ethylene terephthalate) in situ microfibrillar composites

8.4.3. Morphology development of polyethylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) drawn blends and composites

8.5. Static mechanical properties of in situ microfibrillar composites

8.5.1. Polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate in situ microfibrillar composites

8.5.2. Polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate in situ microfibrillar composites

8.6. Theoretical prediction of tensile properties of in situ microfibrillar composites

8.7. Dynamic mechanical properties of in situ MFC systems

8.7.1. Dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate in situ microfibrillar composites

8.7.1.1. Storage modulus

8.7.1.2. Loss modulus and tanδ

8.7.2. Dynamic mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate in situ microfibrillar co ...

8.7.2.1. Storage modulus

8.7.2.2. Loss modulus

8.7.3. Theoretical modeling of dynamic mechanical properties of in situ microfibrillar composites

8.8. Application, sustainability and future outlook of in situ microfibrillar composites

References

Chapter 9: Thermal and crystallization behavior of micro and nano fibrillar in-situ composites

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Crystallization properties of in situ composites

9.3. Thermal degradation of in situ composites

9.4. Conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 10: Processing, rheology, barrier properties, and theoretical study of microfibrillar and nanofibrillar in situ c ...

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Concept of micro/nanofibrils reinforced in situ composites

10.3. Manufacturing of micro/nanofibrils reinforced in situ composites

10.4. Effect of processing condition on in situ composites

10.5. Effect of orientation parameters on the properties of in situ composites

10.6. Rheology of in situ composites

10.7. Barrier properties of microfibrillar and nanofibrillar composites

10.8. Conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 11: Recycling of polymer-polymer composites

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Recycling principles

11.2.1. Landfill

11.2.2. Reuse

11.2.3. Recycling

11.2.3.1. Mechanical recycling

11.2.3.2. Chemical recycling

11.2.3.3. Thermal recycling

11.3. Case studies

11.3.1. Recycling of glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRPs)

11.3.2. Recycling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs)

11.3.3. Recycling of carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer composites

11.3.4. Recycling of natural fiber-reinforced plastics (NFRPs)

11.4. New challenges

References

Chapter 12: Spectroscopy and microscopy of microfibrillar and nanofibrillar composites

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Extraction of microcellulose/nanocellulose

12.2.1. Cellulose bleaching

12.3. Characterization of extracted microcellulose/nanocellulose

12.3.1. Morphological transformation

12.3.2. Fiber crystallinity

12.3.3. Mechanical properties of microfibers/nanofibers

12.3.4. Elemental composition analysis

12.3.5. Grafting efficiency

12.4. Fibrillar composites

12.5. Conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 13: Role of nanoparticles on polymer composites

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Conducting polymer nanostructures

13.3. Polyaniline (PANI) and PANI-based nanocomposites

13.3.1. PANI/Fe3O4 nanocomposites

13.3.2. PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites

13.3.3. PANI/ZnO nanocomposites

13.3.4. PANI/copper sulfide (PANI/CuS) nanocomposites

13.4. Polypyrrole (PPy)

13.5. Polypyrrole (PPy)-based nanostructures

13.5.1. PPy/Fe2O3 nanocomposites

13.5.2. PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites

13.5.3. PPy/ZnO nanocomposites

13.5.4. PPy/CuS nanocomposites

13.6. Polythiophene (PT)

13.7. Polythiophene/metal oxide nanocomposites

13.7.1. PT/Fe2O3 nanocomposites

13.7.2. PT/ZnO nanocomposites

13.7.3. PT/TiO2 nanocomposites

13.8. Conclusions

References

Further reading

Chapter 14: Rheological characteristics of nanomaterials and nanocomposites

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Rheology of nanofluids

14.2.1. Nanofluids containing tube/rod-like nanoparticles

14.2.2. Nanofluids containing spherical nanoparticles

14.2.3. Nanofluids containing sheet-like nanoparticles

14.2.4. Magnetic nanofluids

14.3. Rheology of aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles

14.4. Rheology of gels

14.5. Rheology of nanofiber suspension

14.6. Rheology of nanoparticle-polymer suspensions

14.7. Rheology of polymer nanocomposites

14.7.1. Rheology of CNT-based polymer nanocomposites

14.7.2. Rheology of silicate-based polymer nanocomposites

14.7.3. Rheology of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites

14.7.4. Rheology of POSS polymer nanocomposites

14.7.5. Rheology of inorganic nanomaterials and quantum dots/polymer nanocomposites

14.7.6. Rheology of metal oxide nanoparticle-based polymer nanocomposites

14.8. Conclusion

References

Index

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