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Electrochemical Water Treatment Methods

Electrochemical Water Treatment Methods

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Contents

1 - Introduction

NOMENCLATURE

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS AND WATER TREATMENT METHODS

Sources of FreshWater Supply

Classification of Water Pollutants and Water Treatment Methods

Classification of Electrochemical Water Treatment Methods

1.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN WATER TREATMENT

Electrochemical Phenomena

Electrode Potentials

Electrochemical Cells

Compounds of Electrolyte Solution

Electrode Material Itself

Extraneous Substances

Thermodynamics

Polarization

Ohmic Polarization

Activation Polarization

Concentration Polarization

Corrosion

Methods of Metals Protection From Corrosion

1.3 SUMMARY

SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

2 - Electrochemical Water Treatment Methods

NOMENCLATURE

2.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION (INCLUDING ELECTRODISINFECTION)

Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds

Electrochemical Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds

Electrochemical Disinfection

2.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION

Electrochemical Reduction of Metals

Electrochemical Reduction of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds

Electrochemical Reduction of Organic Nitrogen Compounds

Electrochemical Reduction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Electrochemical Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

2.3 ELECTROCOAGULATION

The Theory of Electrolyte Coagulation

Principles of Electrocoagulation

Anode Material

Ambient Temperature

Anionic Composition of Electrolyte

Applied Current Density

Distance and Water Flow Rate Between Electrodes

Effect of pH

Practical Applications of Electrocoagulation

Chromium and Other Metals Removal

Sulfide Removal

Fluoride Removal

Arsenic Removal

Color, Organic Matter, and Turbidity

Cyanobacteria and Bacteria Removal

Ammonia and Nitrate Nitrogen Removal

2.4 ELECTROFLOTATION

The Theory of Flotation

Influence of Current Density on Electroflotation Efficiency and Time of Eectroflotation

Influence of Electrode Material on Electroflotation Efficiency

Influence of Particle Charge on Electroflotation Efficiency

Liquid Medium Composition

pH of the Medium

2.5 ELECTRODIALYSIS

Principles of Electrodialysis

Pros and Cons of Electrodialysis Compared to Other Membrane Technologies

The Main Calculations of Electrodialysis Process

Parameters Influencing the Efficiency of Electrodialysis

Current Density and Cell Voltage

Electrolyte Composition and Concentration

Flow Rate of Dilute and Concentrate Feed

2.6 SUMMARY

SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

3 - Emerging and Combined Electrochemical Methods

NOMENCLATURE

3.1 ELECTRODEIONIZATION

The Principles of Ion-Exchange: Ion-Exchange Resins

The Main Features of Electrodeionization Process

Practical Applications of EDI in Reduction of Silica, Carbon Dioxide, TOC, and Other Parameters

Main Calculation Parameters of Electrodeionization Process

3.2 CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION

Parameters Influencing the Efficiency of Capacitive Deionization

Electrodes Used in Capacitive Deionization

Capacitive Deionization Cell Types Depending on a Distribution of Feed Water Flow

Membrane Capacitive Deionization

Constant Current Versus Constant Voltage Operation Mode of CDI and MCDI Units

The Mechanism of Capacitive Deionization

Improved Modified Donnan Model

Ion Transport Model

3.3 ELECTRO-FENTON METHODS

Fenton's Reaction

Electrode Materials Used in Electro-Fenton Process

Types of Electrochemical Cells Configurations in Electro-Fenton Process

Fenton-Type Processes

Efficiency and Energy Consumption Determination

3.4 MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS

Parameters Influencing Microbial Fuel Cell Efficiency

Principles or Organic Compounds Decomposition by Microorganisms

Working Principles of Microbial Fuel Cell

3.5 PHOTOELECTROCATALYSIS

Principles of Photocatalysis

Principles of Photoelectrocatalysis

Interactions at the Semiconductor/Electrolyte Solution Interface

TiO2 and Parameters Influencing Its Efficiency in Photoelectrocatalysis

The Main Reactor Types Used in Photoelectrocatalysis

3.6 SONOELECTROCATALYSIS

The Theory of Ultrasound

Principles of Sonoelectrocatalysis

Reactor Types Used in Sonoelectrochemical Degradation

Sonoelectrochemical Degradation of Organic Compounds

3.7 SUMMARY

SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

4 - Equipment for Electrochemical Water Treatment

NOMENCLATURE

4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTORS

4.2 TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS

Main Calculations for Plate-Type Electrolyzer With Aluminum of Iron Electrodes

4.3 ELECTROFLOTATION REACTOR

Main Calculations for Electroflotation Reactors

Example of Calculation for Electroflotation Reactor Sizing With Vertical Parallel Plate Electrodes

Calculation for Combined Column-Type Electroflotation–Electrocoagulation Reactor

4.4 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF ELECTROCHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT METHODS IN PRACTICE

4.5 SUMMARY

SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Appendices

Appendix 1. Exercises for Chapter 1

EXERCISE 1.1

Solution

EXERCISE 1.2

Solution

EXERCISE 1.3

Solution

EXERCISE 1.4

Solution

EXERCISE 1.5

Solution

EXERCISE 1.6

Solution

EXERCISE 1.7

Solution

EXERCISE 1.8

Solution

EXERCISE 1.9

Solution

EXERCISE 1.10

Solution

EXERCISE 1.11

Solution

EXERCISE 1.12

Solution

EXERCISE 1.13

Solution

EXERCISE 1.14

Solution

EXERCISE 1.15

Solution

EXERCISE 1.16

Solution

EXERCISE 1.17

Solution

EXERCISE 1.18

Solution

EXERCISE 1.19

Solution

EXERCISE 1.20

Solution

Appendix 2. Exercises for Chapter 2

EXERCISE 2.1

Solution

EXERCISE 2.2

Solution

EXERCISE 2.3

Solution

EXERCISE 2.4

Solution

EXERCISE 2.5

Solution

EXERCISE 2.6

Solution

EXERCISE 2.7

Solution

EXERCISE 2.8

Solution

EXERCISE 2.9

Solution

EXERCISE 2.10

Solution

Appendix 3. Exercises for Chapter 3

EXERCISE 3.1

Solution

EXERCISE 3.2

Solution

EXERCISE 3.3

Solution

EXERCISE 3.4

Solution

EXERCISE 3.5

Solution

EXERCISE 3.6

Solution

EXERCISE 3.7

Solution

EXERCISE 3.8

Solution

Appendix 4. Exercises for Chapter 4

EXERCISE 4.1

Solution

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

S

T

U

W

Z

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