Chapter
1.3 Global Distribution and Areal Importance of IRES
1.4 Trends in a Context of Water Scarcity and Climate Change
1.5 Ecological Features of IRES
1.6 Legislation, Protection, Restoration, and Management of IRES
1.7 The Structure of This Book
Chapter 2.1: Geomorphology and Sediment Regimes of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
Determinants of IRES Catchment Conditions
Geomorphological Zones in IRES
2.1.6 Distinctions in IRES Longitudinal Trends
2.1.7 Influence of Human Activities on IRES Morphology and Sediment Regimes
2.1.8 Diversity of IRES at a Global Scale
2.1.9 Synthesis and New Research Directions
Chapter 2.2: Flow Regimes in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
2.2.2 Controls on the Natural Flow Regime of IRES
2.2.3 Methods to Characterize Flow Regimes of IRES
Imagery: From Satellites to Site Cameras
Field Loggers and Flow Surrogates
2.2.4 Describing and Classifying Flow Regimes of IRES: Case Studies
2.2.5 Conclusions: Research Needs and Future Perspectives
Chapter 2.3: Hydrological Connectivity in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
2.3.2 What Governs Hydrological Connectivity in IRES?
2.3.3 Hydrological Connectivity, Intermittence, and Surface Water Drying and Rewetting in IRES
2.3.4 Longitudinal Hydrological Connectivity in IRES
2.3.5 Lateral Hydrological Connectivity in IRES
2.3.6 Vertical Hydrological Connectivity in IRES
2.3.7 A Preliminary Conceptual Framework for Exploring Intermittence, Connectivity, and Interacting Hydrological Dimensio ...
Chapter 3.1: Water Physicochemistry in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
3.1.2 Spatial Variability of Physicochemistry in IRES
The Longitudinal Dimension
3.1.3 Temporal Variability of Water Physicochemistry in IRES
Seasonal variability along the longitudinal dimension
Seasonal variability along the vertical dimension
Seasonal variability along the lateral dimension
Interannual Variability in Physicochemistry: Some Factors Involved
Temporal Variability at Longer Scales: IRES in the Context of Global Change
3.1.4 Changes in Water Physicochemistry During Drying and Rewetting
Physicochemistry in Remnant Pools
Physicochemistry During Complete Drying and the Rewetting Front
Chapter 3.2: Nutrient and Organic Matter Dynamics in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
3.2.1 The ‘Biogeochemical Heartbeat’ of IRES
3.2.2 Nutrient and OM Dynamics Across Hydrological Phases in IRES
3.2.3 Knowledge Gaps and Research Opportunities
Chapter 4.1: The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Prokaryotes, Fungi, and Protozoans
4.1.1 Role and Relevance of Microbes in IRES
4.1.2 Diversity of Prokaryotes in IRES
Factors Controlling Prokaryotic Communities in IRES
Prokaryotic Diversity in IRES vs perennial rivers and streams
4.1.3 Diversity of Fungi in IRES
Factors Controlling Fungal Communities in IRES
Fungal Diversity in IRES vs perennial rivers and streams
4.1.4 Diversity of Protozoans in IRES
Factors Controlling Protozoan Communities in IRES
Protozoan Diversity in IRES vs. Perennial Rivers and Streams
4.1.5 Resistance and Resilience of Microbes in IRES
Microbial Life Strategies
4.1.6 Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning in IRES
Roles of Microbes in River Ecosystem Functioning
Microbial Functioning in IRES and Links With Microbial Community Structure
Chapter 4.2: The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Algae and Vascular Plants
4.2.1 Introduction: Primary Producers in IRES
4.2.2 Microbial Primary Producers in IRES: Cyanobacteria and Algae
Morphological and Physiological Adaptations to Drying
Algal-Derived Stream Metabolism in IRES
Latitudinal Variation in Algal Community Composition
4.2.3 Vascular Aquatic Plants
Vascular Macrophytes in IRES
Vascular Plant Adaptations to Drying
Life History Traits Involved in Tolerance to Drying
Implications of Drying for Vascular Plant Species Richness
4.2.4 Vascular Riparian Plants
Riparian Vegetation Along IRES in Different Ecoregions
Riparian Plant Adaptations in IRES
Reproductive Trait Adaptations and Trade-Offs
Landscape Biodiversity Patterns
Landscape context and connectivity
Rare and endemic riparian species
Riparian community context
4.2.5 Conservation and Management Issues of Primary Producers in IRES
Chapter 4.3: The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Aquatic Invertebrates
4.3.2 IRES as Habitats for Aquatic Invertebrates
4.3.3 Taxonomic Diversity of IRES Invertebrate Communities
Temporal Variability in Taxonomic Diversity
Spatial Variability in Taxonomic Diversity
4.3.4 Functional Diversity of IRES Invertebrate Communities
4.3.5 Invertebrate Adaptations to Flow Intermittence
Refuge Use Promotes Persistence in IRES
Life Cycle Adaptations and Refuge Use Interact to Promote Survival
Adaptations to IRES Are Trade-Offs That Also Influence Other Aspects of Survival
4.3.6 Threats to IRES Invertebrate Communities
4.3.7 Managing IRES to Promote Aquatic Invertebrate Biodiversity
4.3.8 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities
Chapter 4.4: The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Terrestrial AND Semiaquatic Invertebrates
4.4.2 Habitat Requirements of IRES Invertebrates
4.4.3 Taxonomic Diversity of TSAI Communities
4.4.4 Functional Diversity of TSAI Communities
4.4.5 Adaptations of TSAI to Flow Intermittence
4.4.6 Threats to the TSAI Communities of IRES
4.4.7 Managing IRES to Preserve TSAI Diversity and Their Ecological Functions
4.4.8 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs
Chapter 4.5: The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Fishes
4.5.2 The fish fauna of IRES
African IRES and Their Fishes
Australian IRES and Their Fishes
North American IRES and Their Fishes
IRES of Mediterranean Europe and Their Fishes
4.5.3 Why Do Fish Live in IRES?
4.5.4 How Do Fish Survive in IRES?
4.5.5 Threats to Fishes in Intermittent Rivers
Drought and Climate Change
Water Extraction, River Regulation, and Fragmentation of Habitat
4.5.6 Conservation Priorities for Fish in IRES
Chapter 4.6: The Biota of Intermittent and Ephemeral Rivers: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
4.6.2 Importance of IRES for Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
Breeding and Nesting Sites
Aquatic and Terrestrial Movement Corridors
Migration Stopovers and Resting and Shelter Areas
4.6.3 Ecological Roles of Wildlife in IRES
Consumers, Prey, and Seed Dispersal Agents
4.6.4 Flow Intermittence Effects on Wildlife
4.6.5 Wildlife Adaptations to Cope With Flow Intermittence
Morphological Adaptations
4.6.6 Vulnerability, Conservation, and Management of Wildlife in IRES
Flow Alteration and Habitat Degradation
Spread of Invasive Species and Diseases
Recommendations for Conservation and Management in the Context of Global Change
Chapter 4.7: Food Webs and Trophic Interactions in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
4.7.2 The Base of IRES Food Webs
4.7.3 Consumer-Resource Dynamics in IRES
4.7.4 Multidimensional Interactions Within IRES
Longitudinal Interactions
4.7.5 Effects of Regional Differences on Food Webs in IRES
4.7.6 Structure of IRES Food Webs
4.7.7 Trophic Interactions in IRES in the Future
Chapter 4.8: Resistance, Resilience, and Community Recovery in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
4.8.1 Introduction: Challenges of Persisting in IRES
4.8.2 Resistance Mechanisms of Aquatic Taxa
Desiccation-Resistant Stages
4.8.3 Resilience Mechanisms of Aquatic Taxa
Dispersal via Crawling and Swimming
Environmental Cues That Trigger Dispersal
4.8.4 Aquatic Community Recovery Patterns Following Flow Resumption
4.8.5 Dynamics of Terrestrial Communities Inhabiting Dry Streambeds
4.8.6 Genetic Implications of Different Modes of Resistance and Resilience
4.8.7 Human Impacts Impair Resistance and Resilience Processes
4.8.8 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions
Chapter 4.9: Habitat Fragmentation and Metapopulation, Metacommunity, and Metaecosystem Dynamics in Intermittent Rivers an ...
4.9.2 Connectivity, Fluxes, and Dispersal in River Networks Fragmented by Flow Intermittence
IRES as Dynamic and Shifting Habitat Mosaics
Flow Intermittence and Connectivity
Flow Intermittence and Dispersal
4.9.3 Metapopulation Dynamics in IRES
Conceptual Background of Metapopulation Ideas
Metapopulations in IRES: Why So Few Models?
How to Deal With Dispersal in Dendritic Networks?
How to Deal With Dynamic and Shifting Habitat Mosaics?
Existing Metapopulation Studies in IRES
4.9.4 Metacommunity Dynamics in IRES
Conceptual Background of Metacommunity Ideas
How to Study Metacommunities in IRES?
Species Turnover and Nestedness in IRES Metacommunities
Biodiversity Partitioning in IRES
4.9.5 Metaecosystem Dynamics in IRES
Conceptual Background of Metaecosystem Ideas
IRES as Metaecosystems: Insights From Organic Matter Dynamics
4.9.6 Research and Management Perspectives
Chapter 4.10: Genetic, Evolutionary, and Biogeographical Processes in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
4.10.2 Microevolutionary Ecology Processes in IRES
Characteristic Traits to Cope With Life in IRES
Potential Trade-Offs in IRES: To Stay or to Leave?
Genetic Structure in IRES
4.10.3 Macroevolutionary Ecology Processes in IRES
4.10.4 Evolutionary Processes at the Ecosystem Level in IRES
Biological Traits in IRES and Their Relation to Ecosystem Functions
Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functions Relationships in IRES
Recurrent Ecological Succession in IRES as a Framework for Fast Evolution
4.10.5 Global Biogeographical and Macroecological Patterns of Aquatic Organisms in IRES
Local and Regional Factors Determining Diversity in IRES
Speciation, Extinction, and Immigration in IRES
Global Trait Patterns in IRES
4.10.6 IRES Are Ideal Settings for the Study of Ecology and Evolution: Conclusions and Future Research
Chapter 5.1: Anthropogenic Threats to Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
5.1.1 Introduction: The Main Threats to IRES
5.1.2 Hydrological Alterations in IRES
Hydrological Alterations Associated With Anthropogenic Water Withdrawals
Hydrological Alterations That Induce Perennial Flow in Natural IRES
5.1.3 Physical and Chemical Alterations in IRES
Exploitation of IRES and Dry Riverbeds by Humans
IRES and Water Quality Degradation
5.1.4 Biological Alterations in IRES: Invasive Species
5.1.5 Cascading Effects of Hydrological, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Alterations in IRES on Adjacent Ecosystems
5.1.6 The Challenge of Assessing the Biological and Ecological Condition of IRES
Chapter 5.2: Ecosystem Services, Values, and Societal Perceptions of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
5.2.2 What Ecosystem Services are Provided by IRES?
5.2.3 Valuing the ES of IRES
5.2.4 Societal Perceptions of IRES
5.2.5 Conclusions and Prognosis
Chapter 5.3: Governance, Legislation, and Protection of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
5.3.2 Brief History of Water Law Around the World
5.3.3 IRES Recognition in Water and Environmental Law
International Treaties: The Ramsar Convention
Latin America and the Caribbean
Australia and New Zealand
5.3.4 Flow Intermittence Complicating the Governance of Water Use and Environmental Protection
5.3.5 A Way Forward for Sustainable Governance, Legislation, and Protection of IRES
Chapter 5.4: Restoration Ecology of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
5.4.2 IRES and Their Catchments
5.4.3 Stream Restoration Background
5.4.4 Degradation and Restoration in a Catchment Context
5.4.5 Hydrological Impacts and Their Restoration
Increased Periods of Zero Flows
5.4.6 Riparian Zone Degradation and Restoration
5.4.7 Restoration of Instream Habitat and Refuges
5.4.8 Restoring Refuges and Colonization Pathways
5.4.9 Measuring Restoration Trajectory
5.4.10 Things to Consider for Now and for the Future
Chapter 5.5: Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
5.5.2 The Management Challenge
5.5.3 Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM)
5.5.4 Case Studies—Status, Successes, Challenges, and the Future
Crocodile River, Kruger National Park (South Africa)
Tankwa Karoo National Park (South Africa)
Edward-Wakool River System—Tuppal Creek (Australia)
Macquarie Marshes (Australia)
5.5.5 Making It Work—A Shared Journey
5.5.6 Global Applications
Chapter 6: Conclusions: Recent Advances and Future Prospects in the Ecology and Management of Intermittent Rivers and Ephe ...
6.2 Fourteen Themes in the Ecology and Management of IRES
6.3 Remaining Gaps in Our Knowledge and Understanding of the Ecology and Management of IRES
Methodological Gaps and Opportunities
Geographical and Disciplinary Gaps and Opportunities
Conceptual Gaps and Opportunities