Author： Kessler Kenneth J.
Publisher： Society of American Foresters
ISSN： 0022-1201
Source： Journal of Forestry, Vol.65, Iss.12, 1967-12, pp. : 892-893
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Abstract
Widespread dieback, particularly of sugar maple and yellow birch, has been observed for more than a decade in the Lake States. All northern hardwoods are affected to varying degrees; most damage occurs in the larger and older trees in the stand; dieback is cyclic to some extent; and practically no mortality or growth loss occurs. Several causes were identified, with poor internal soil drainage and stand disturbance the major causes; porcupine and sapsucker girdling, late frosts, and pathogenic organisms were involved to a lesser extent.
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