All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During Respiratory Infection

Author： Savolainen-Kopra Carita Blomqvist Soile Kaijalainen Svetlana Jounio Ulla Juvonen Raija Peitso Ari Saukkoriipi Annika Vainio Olli Hovi Tapani Roivainen Merja

Publisher： MDPI

E-ISSN： 1999-4915|1|3|1178-1189

ISSN： 1999-4915

Source： Viruses, Vol.1, Iss.3, 2009-12, pp. : 1178-1189

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Abstract

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are known to cause common cold and also more complicated respiratory infections. HRV species A and B as well as the recently discovered, designated HRV-C have all been associated to lower respiratory infections and exacerbations of asthma. The type distribution of strains connected to different kinds of lower respiratory conditions is not, however, clearly known. We have analysed presence of HRV in sputum specimens derived from military recruits with and without pre-diagnosed asthma at times of acute respiratory infection (CIAS Study, 2004-2005). The analysis was performed with HRV and HEV real-time RT-PCR assays. Subsequently we studied type distribution of HRV strains by genetic typing in the VP4/VP2 genomic region. In total 146 (38.8%) specimens were HRV-positive and 36 (9.3%) HEV-positive. No difference was found in HRV detection between the asthmatic vs. non-asthmatic patients. Most of the genetically typed strains, 18 (62.1%), belonged to HRV-A, while HRV-B strains encountered 5 (17.2%) of the HRV-positive strains. HRV-C strain was typed four times from the HRV-positive cases and a HEV-D strain twice. We further typed six HEV positive strains in the partial VP1 region. Three of these belonged to HRV-A and three to HEV-D. HRV-A strains were discovered throughout the study period, while HRV-C strains originated from winter and spring specimens. Interestingly, 4 out of 5 typed HRV-B strains originated from summer season.