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Table of Contents

X-Ray Crystal Optics Based on Germanium Single Crystals†

Abstract

1. Introduction

1. Theoretical Background

2. Material Characteristics

2.1. Selection of Monochromator Material

2.2. Lattice Constants of Diamond, Silicon, and Germanium

2.3. The Effect of Isotopes

2.4. Thermal Load Resistance

2.5. The Main Advantage of Germanium

2.6. Germanium Crystal Specification

2.7. Crystal Shaping Technology

3. Monochromator Design and Optimization

3.1. Symmetrical Channel-Cut Monochromators

3.2. High Intensity Asymmetric Channel-Cut Monochromators

3.3. V-Channel Monochromators

4. Other Applications of Germanium Single Crystals

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Synthesis, Structure and Optical Properties of Germanium and Silicon Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Oxide Layers†

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Procedures

3. Nanostructures of Ge and Si Nanoparticles

4. Optical Properties of Ge and Si Nanoparticles

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Liquid Crystal Devices for Photovoltaic Systems†

Abstract

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Theory

1.2.1. Photogeneration

1.2.2. Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals

1.3. Fabrication and Measurements

1.3.1. Sample Preparation

1.3.1.1. Liquid Crystal Lens

1.3.1.2. Liquid Crystal and Polymer Composite film

1.3.2. Measurements

1.3.2.1. Focal Length

1.3.2.2. Concentration Ratio

1.3.2.3. Moving Distance

1.3.2.4. Output Power and Efficiency

1.4. CPV Systems Using Liquid Crystal Light Modulators

1.4.1. CPV Systems Using Liquid Crystal Lens

1.4.1.1. Operating Principles

1.4.1.2. Experimental Results and Discussion

1.4.1.3. Wavelength Effect

1.4.1.4. Distance Effect

1.4.1.5. System Limitations

1.4.2. CPV Systems Using Liquid Crystal and Polymer Composite Film

1.4.2.1. Operating Principles

1.4.2.2. Experimental Results and Discussion

Conclusion and Future Scope

References

Flexible Ferroelectric Polymer-Nanocrystal Composite Films for Large-Scale Capacitive Energy Storage†

Abstract

Introduction

History and Background

Nanotechnology

Nanomaterials

Energy Storage Capacitors

Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitors

Theoretical Prediction of Dielectric Properties in Polymer-Ceramic Nanocomposites

Standard Models for Effective Dielectric Constant Calculation

Series, Parallel (Wiener Bounds) and Cubic Mixing

Logarithmic Mixing Rule (Lichtenecker Model)

Maxwell-Garnett and Bottcher Mixture Models

Power Law, Interphase Power Law

Calculating Constituent Dielectric Constants from Composite Data: Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 Nanocomposites

Nanomaterials Processing

Wet-Chemical Processing for Ceramic Nanostructures

Polymers for Energy Storage

Polymer-Ceramic Nanocomposites

Synthesis of Polymer-Ceramic Films

Characterization

Results and Discussion

BaTiO3 Nanopowders from Commercial Source

Bulk BaTiO3 Produced via Solid-State Synthesis

Ternary Bulk Ceramics via Solid-State Synthesis [155]

PVDF-BaTiO3 Films

PVDF-Ba1-XCaxTiO3 [X=0.3±0.05] Films

PVDF-BaZr1-XTixO3 [X=0.2±0.05] Films

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Growth of Nanocrystals from Amorphous Bi†

Abstract

Introduction

1.1 Crystal Structures

1.2 Crystals and Nanostructures

Experimental Procedures

2.1. Bismuth Purification

2.2. Bismuth Amorphization

Experimental Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References